How does Charlotte Bronte build up tension Free Essays

string(112) to pass on the status of intensity in both part 23 and 37 develops a lot of trepidation for the reader. Charlotte Bronte composed Jane Eyre in 1847. All through this novel Bronte censures and difficulties a few perspectives and accepts that she encountered herself inside the unfairness of the Victorian culture. In this article I am going to utilize section 23 to show how strain is developed regarding language, emotions and images. We will compose a custom paper test on How does Charlotte Bronte develop pressure? or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Right off the bat, I’m going to incorporate a short summery of the plot and simultaneously feature the primary characters I’ll be working with. Besides, I will incorporate the historical backdrop of the time the book was written in and remark on how it joins with the story. At long last, I am going to bring up and clarify the a wide range of strategies Bronte uses to develop strain. Jane Eyre opens with the storyteller, the grown-up Jane Eyre reviewing her youth encounters growing up as a vagrant at Gateshead, the home of her disagreeable auntie, and her kids. Jane is in every case wrongly rebuffed, she was even sent away to Lowwood noble cause school where students are dealt with dreadfully. There she spends six years as an understudy, at that point two as an instructor. After that Jane turns into a tutor at Thornfield, possessed by Mr. Rochester. Jane begins to look all starry eyed at her lord and Rochester asks Jane to wed him, she concurred. Upon the arrival of their marriage Jane finds that Rochester is as of now wedded, she at that point won't be Rochester’s fancy woman and leaves Thornfield. Later she turns into an educator at another nearby school; she likewise meets her three cousins. St John [her cousin] proposes union with Jane; anyway she denies as she despite everything adores Rochester. At last, she comes back to her lord to discover that he has been injured and blinded when his first spouse copied down Thornfield and murdered her self. The epic finishes with Rochester’s union with Jane and a depiction of the cheerful life in front of them. The principle characters I’ll be referencing in this paper are Jane Eyre and Edward Rochester. The courageous woman and storyteller of the novel, Jane is a shrewd, genuine, plain-highlighted little youngster compelled to contend with mistreatment, imbalance, and difficulty. She has likewise built up a feeling of good and bad since the beginning. In spite of being guileless and guiltless she is as yet ready to care for her self and turned out to be autonomous. Then again, Edward Rochester is an enthusiastic man with a dull mystery that gives a great part of the novel’s tension. He was an exceptionally miserable man when we initially met him, anyway his unadulterated love for Jane in the long run transforms him back to the man he was. Before the finish of the book his blinded and injured state was utilized to similitudes his loss of presumption and pride. Charlotte Bronte is assaulting the social treacheries that were available in the nineteenth century. She effectively does this and unmistakably depicts what life resembled at the time the book is set. Today, people are dealt with similarly, which was positively not the situation in the nineteenth century. Ladies, in the nineteenth century were treated as though they were sub-par compared to men, ‘Seating himself in a rocker, he implied by a signal that I was to approach and remain before himi. Around then additionally, not very many occupations were available to the individuals who needed to help themselves. Marriage was too observed to be the main attractive objective for ladies, and was paid attention to very as a monetary or a business bargain. Poor young ladies, for example, Jane had not many choices open to them separated from utilizing their training as a wellspring of solidarity. Societal position was significant in the nineteenth century. Class divisions were undeniably more fixed and articulated than they are today. In the novel, Jane is exceptionally cognizant that, socially, she is sub-par compared to a considerable lot of those with whom she relates disregarding being a ‘lady’. Around then, cash just can figure out where anybody can fit on the social stepping stool. Along these lines, the topic of regard being earned and not merited because of one’s bank balance is significant in this novel. In this novel Bronte utilizes numerous approaches to develop pressure especially in part 23. The most repeating and successful strategy is her utilization of ‘Pathetic Fallacy’, which is the utilization of characteristic portrayal to pass on inward sentiments or the status of the character. For instance, in part 23 she utilizes a stunning night for the proposition to reverberate and strengthen Jane’s bliss â€Å"the nightingale’s melody was then the main voice of the hour†. Conversely, Bronte utilizes a â€Å"heavy shower† in section 37 to pass on Jane’s torment and distress at seeing her lord and adored one in that state. However, charlotte Bronte utilized the unexpected change in climate toward the finish of part 23 to imply that Jane and Rochester’s association isn't right. One of the various manners by which Bronte develops strain is her utilization of indications and hints which identifies with things happening later in the novel. In the statement â€Å"the incredible pony chestnut at the base of the plantation had been struck by lightning in the night, and half of it split away† Bronte utilized the chestnut tree which represents Jane and Rochester’s future association in marriage isolated into two by an electrical jolt an image of either God’s despondency about Rochester’s deed or Bertha interfering with them-to indication to us that something is going to prevent the couple from getting hitched later on. I believe this is exceptionally powerful approach to develop anxiety as the peruser will think about what sort of thing is going to break the incredible love between them; subsequently it is a decent method to keep individuals perusing until they discover. Later on in section 37 Mr. Rochester is contrasting himself and the â€Å"the old helping struck chestnut tree† which reminds the peruser that what happened was actually as foreshadowed in part 23. The manner in which Bronte utilizes inquiries to pass on the status of intensity in both section 23 and 37 develops a lot of fear for the peruser. You read How does Charlotte Bronte develop strain? in class Papers In part 23 Rochester is asking Jane numerous inquiries he know their answers, â€Å"you more likely than not become in some degree connected to house? † and â€Å"we have been old buddies, Jane; have we not? † These inquiries and numerous others show plainly that Mr. Rochester is utilizing his ground-breaking position as Jane’s business to prod her, and since she is subject to him for her living she can’t by any mean treat him similarly he treats her. This would bring the perusers into the story by setting up desires for what will happen later on, as they realize that Jane had consistently wouldn't be ruled and that brought about irate upheavals against individuals attempting to control her. In the early sections she restored a similar terrible treatment back to her merciless cousin. What's more, in section 6, we see that again when she says: â€Å"when we are struck at without an explanation, we should strike back again very hard†, this shows Jane’s solid have confidence in facing mistreatment and undeserved remorselessness, which is what's going on again in part 23. During their discussion, Rochester advises Jane she’ll before long need to leave Thornfield always in light of the fact that he’s at last chose to wed Blanche Ingram. Teasingly Rochester likewise advises her of a tutor position, undertaking the training of the five little girls of Mrs. Dionysius O’Gall of Bitternutt Lodge in Ireland, â€Å"indeed I have effectively, through my future relative, hearted of a spot that I think will suit you†¦.. you’ll like Ireland , I think: they’re such kind individuals there, they say† . Here you can see that Rochester is tormenting Jane with wedding another. In any case, I for one imagine that his conduct could be deciphered in an alternate manner; since Rochester is a glad man he constrained Jane into admitting her genuine emotions so as to be certain that his doubts are right, still I think there are numerous different approaches to do so which are not as cruel. Mr. Rochester reveals to Jane that he feels as if they are associated by a â€Å"cord of fellowship. † Jane wails â€Å"for I could stifle what I persevered through no longer,† she lets us know, â€Å"I was obliged to yield. Jane admits her affection for Rochester, and amazingly, he proposes marriage. However she accepts that Rochester might be as yet playing with her sentiments, that he may consider her to be a robot, â€Å"a machine without feelings†; in light of the fact that she is â€Å"poor, dark, plain, and little,† he may erroneously think she is additionally â€Å"soulless and coldhearted. † At this point, she addresses him past the â€Å"medium of custom, conventionalities,† even substance, and her soul tends to his soul in a relationship of fairness. Once more, Jane makes balance by moving the relationship outside of the material world, and into the profound: At â€Å"God’s feet,† they can stand one next to the other, as opposed to with Rochester driving, Jane following. This segment of part 23 makes bunches of pressure for the peruser as they will set up desires as what responses will Mr. Rochester make. Rochester persuades Jane that he just raised wedding Blanche so as to excite Jane’s envy; when she peruses reality in his face she acknowledges his proposition. He at that point brutally pronounces that God has authorized their association, so he doesn’t care what society thinks about the relationship. Notwithstanding, it is additionally critical to take note of that no place in Jane Eyre are society’s limits twisted, Jane is Rochester’s scholarly, yet not his social, equivalent; Jane is likewise reluctant to wed Rochester since she detects that she would feel obliged to him for â€Å"condescending† to wed her. At last

Chronicle of a Death Foretold and Pedro Paramo free essay sample

This exposition thinks about the principle characters of these two books. This paper examines the two books Pedro Paramo by Juan Rulfo, and Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, how both fundamental characters, the storyteller and Juan, look for answers of things that occurred before. The creator looks at how both scholarly functions are bound together by insider facts of the past and any expectation of answers that will fulfill the inquiries that have tormented Juan and the storyteller. From the Paper: In the two books Pedro Paramo and Chronicle of a Death Foretold, both fundamental characters are looking for answers of things before. Through the idea of the headliner, the character?s association with the headliner, and the style of each author?s composing, it is clearly demonstrated that they are looking the past for answers. The two creators make each and every point to suggest that thought. We will compose a custom article test on Annal of a Death Foretold and Pedro Paramo or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Everything begins with two straightforward statements: They?ve as of now executed him and Pedro Paramo kicked the bucket years prior.

IB grade Weighting for 2016 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Updated AP/IB grade Weighting for 2016 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Updated AP/IB grade Weighting for 2016 Ever since I have been at UGA (18 years or so), we have added .5 to every AP or IB grade during the calculation of the UGA GPA (excluding schools who add points to actual teacher grades on the transcript). In a review of the weighting practices of a large number of high schools with which we work, we have seen a growing trend of schools adding 7 to 10 points to every AP/IB teacher grade, so that an 85 in AP Biology becomes a 92 or 95 on the actual transcript. In light of these changing high school policies, UGA is changing the weighting policy for the applicant pool for 2016 and beyond and will be adding 1 point to each AP/IB grade in our calculation of a GPA (still excluding schools who add points to actual teacher grades on the transcript, where we will just use their weighted teacher grades). In practice, this means that if a student makes a B in AP Biology, this would count as a 4.0 (3.0 + 1.0) in our GPA calculation process. The University of Georgia values students challenging themselves in rigorous high school courses, as the best way to prepare yourself for college courses is to challenge yourself in the high school classroom. We encourage students to take the strongest courses possible in which they can still be successful, and we want to recognize this in how we calculate a GPA. We will continue to add weight only to AP or IB grades, as these are nationally and internationally standardized. We will also continue to review the strength of every applicants curriculum within the context of their schools offerings separate from our GPA calculation, where we will review all core courses a student takes, be they AP, IB, Honors, DE, Accelerated, CP, etc. While this is not a huge change, and the past policy of adding .5 for every AP/IB grade worked very well, we felt making this change would help address the growing shift in grade policies by a number of high schools. Go Dawgs!

Understanding the Key Events of World War II

World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, was a war fought primarily between the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allies (France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States). Although World War II was started by Nazi Germany in their attempt to conquer Europe,it turned into  the largest and the bloodiest war in world history, responsible for the deaths of an estimated 40 to 70 million people, many of whom were civilians. World War II included the attempted genocide of the Jewish people during the Holocaust and the first use of an atomic weapon during a war. Dates: 1939 - 1945 Also Known As: WWII, Second World War Appeasement Following World War I After the devastation and destruction caused by World War I, the world was tired of war and was willing to do almost anything to prevent another from starting. Thus, when Nazi Germany annexed Austria (called the Anschluss) in March 1938, the world did not react. When Nazi leader Adolf Hitler demanded the Sudeten area of Czechoslovakia in September 1938, the world powers handed it to him. Confident that these appeasements had averted a total war from occurring, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain stated, I believe it is peace in our time. Hitler, on the other hand, had different plans. Completely disregarding the Versailles Treaty, Hitler was ramping up for war. In preparation for an attack on Poland, Nazi Germany made a deal with the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939, called the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. In exchange for land, the Soviet Union agreed to not attack Germany. Germany was ready for war. The Start of World War II At 4:45 a.m. on September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Hitler sent in 1,300 planes of his Luftwaffe (German air force) as well as more than 2,000 tanks and 1.5 million well-trained, ground troops. The Polish military, on the other hand, consisted mostly of foot soldiers with old weapons (even some using lances) and cavalry.  Needless to say, the odds were not in Poland’s favor. Great Britain and France, who had treaties with Poland, both declared war on Germany two days later, on September 3, 1939. However, these countries could not gather troops and equipment fast enough to help save Poland. After Germany had waged a successful attack on Poland from the west, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east on September 17, per the pact they had with Germany. On September 27, 1939, Poland surrendered. For the next six months, there was little actual fighting as the British and French built up their defenses along France’s Maginot Line and the Germans readied themselves for a major invasion. There was so little actual fighting that some journalists termed this â€Å"the Phoney War.† The Nazis Seem Unstoppable On April 9, 1940, the quiet interlude of the war ended as Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. Having met very little resistance, the Germans were soon able to launch Case Yellow (Fall Gelb), an offensive against France and the Low Countries. On May 10, 1940, Nazi Germany invaded Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The Germans were heading through Belgium to enter France, bypassing France’s defenses along the Maginot Line. The Allies were completely unprepared to defend France from a northern attack. The French and British armies, along with the rest of Europe, were quickly overpowered by Germany’s new, swift blitzkrieg (â€Å"lightning war†) tactics. Blitzkrieg was a fast, coordinated, highly-mobile attack that combined air power and well-armored ground troops along a narrow front in order to quickly breach an enemy’s line. (This tactic was meant to avoid the stalemate that caused trench warfare in WWI.) The Germans attacked with deadly force and precision, seeming unstoppable. In a bid to escape total slaughter, 338,000 British and other Allied troops were evacuated, starting on May 27, 1940, from the coast of France to Great Britain as part of Operation Dynamo (often called the Miracle of Dunkirk). On June 22, 1940, France officially surrendered. It had taken less than three months for the Germans to conquer Western Europe. With France defeated, Hitler turned his sights to Great Britain, intending to conquer it as well in Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelowe). Before a ground assault was to begin, Hitler ordered the bombing of Great Britain, beginning the Battle of Britain on July 10, 1940. The British, emboldened by Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s morale-building speeches and aided by radar, successfully countered the German air attacks. Hoping to destroy British morale, Germany began bombing not just military targets but also civilian ones as well, including populated cities. These attacks, which began in August 1940, often occurred at night and were known as â€Å"the Blitz.† The Blitz strengthened the British resolve. By the fall of 1940, Hitler canceled Operation Sea Lion but continued the Blitz well into 1941. The British had stopped the seemingly unstoppable German advance. But, without help, the British could not hold them off for long. Thus, the British asked U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt for help. Although the United States was unwilling to fully enter World War II, Roosevelt agreed to send Great Britain weapons, ammunition, artillery, and other much-needed supplies. The Germans also got help. On September 27, 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, joining these three countries into the Axis Powers. Germany Invades the Soviet Union While the British prepared and waited for an invasion, Germany began to look east. Despite signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, Hitler had always planned to invade the Soviet Union as part of his plan to gain Lebensraum (â€Å"living room†) for the German people. Hitler’s decision to open a second front in World War II is often considered one of his worst. On June 22, 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union, in what was called Case Barbarossa (Fall Barbarossa). The Soviets were taken completely by surprise. The German army’s blitzkrieg tactics worked well in the Soviet Union, allowing the Germans to advance quickly. After his initial shock, Stalin rallied his people and ordered a â€Å"scorched earth† policy in which Soviet citizens burned their fields and killed their livestock as they fled from the invaders. The scorched-earth policy slowed the Germans for it forced them to rely solely on their supply lines. The Germans had underestimated the vastness of the land and the absoluteness of the Soviet winter. Cold and wet, the German soldiers could barely move and their tanks became stuck in mud and snow. The entire invasion stalled. The Holocaust Hitler sent more than just his army into the Soviet Union; he sent mobile killing squads called Einsatzgruppen. These squads were to search out and kill Jews and other â€Å"undesirables† en masse. This killing started out as large groups of Jews being shot and then dumped into pits, such as at Babi Yar. It soon evolved into mobile gas vans. However, these were determined to be too slow at killing, so the Nazis built death camps, created to kill thousands of people a day, such as at Auschwitz, Treblinka, and Sobibor. During World War II, the Nazis created an elaborate, secretive, systematic plan to eradicate Jews from Europe in what is now called the Holocaust. The Nazis also targeted Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, the disabled, and all Slavic peoples for slaughter. By the end of the war, the Nazis had killed 11 million people solely based on Nazi racial policies. The Attack on Pearl Harbor Germany was not the only country looking to expand. Japan, newly industrialized, was poised for conquest, hoping to take over vast areas in Southeast Asia. Worried that the United States might try to stop them, Japan decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States’ Pacific Fleet in the hopes of keeping the U.S. out of war in the Pacific. On December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes wreaked havoc on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In just two hours, 21 U.S. ships had either been sunk or badly damaged. Shocked and outraged at the unprovoked attack, the United States declared war on Japan the following day. Three days after that, the United States declared war on Germany. The Japanese, aware that the U.S. would probably retaliate for the bombing of Pearl Harbor, preemptively attacked the U.S. naval base in the Philippines on December 8, 1941, destroying many of the U.S. bombers stationed there. Following their air attack with a ground invasion, the battle ended with U.S. surrendering and the deadly Bataan Death March. Without the air strip in the Philippines, the U.S. needed to find a different way to retaliate; they decided upon a bombing raid right into the heart of Japan. On April 18, 1942, 16 B-25 bombers took off from a U.S. aircraft carrier, dropping bombs on Tokyo, Yokohama, and Nagoya. Although the damage inflicted was light, the Doolittle Raid, as it was called, caught the Japanese off guard. However, despite the Doolittle Raid’s limited success, the Japanese were dominating the Pacific War. The Pacific War Just like the Germans seemed impossible to stop in Europe, the Japanese won victory after victory in the early part of the Pacific War, successfully taking the Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, the Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Burma. However, things began to change at the Battle of Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942), when there was a stalemate. Then there was the Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942), a major turning point in the Pacific War. According to Japanese war plans, the Battle of Midway was to be a secret attack on the U.S. air base on Midway, ending in a decisive victory for Japan. What Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto did not know was that the U.S. had successfully broken several Japanese codes, allowing them to decipher secret, coded Japanese messages. Learning ahead of time about the Japanese attack on Midway, the U.S. prepared an ambush. The Japanese lost the battle, losing four of their aircraft carriers and many of their well-trained pilots. No longer did Japan have naval superiority in the Pacific. A number of major battles followed, at Guadalcanal, Saipan, Guam, Leyte Gulf, and then the Philippines. The U.S. won all of these and continued to push the Japanese back to their homeland. Iwo Jima (February 19 to March 26, 1945) was a particularly bloody battle as the Japanese had created underground fortifications that were well camouflaged. The last Japanese-occupied island was Okinawa and Japanese Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima was determined to kill as many Americans as possible before being defeated. The U.S. landed on Okinawa on April 1, 1945, but for five days, the Japanese did not attack. Once the U.S. forces spread out across the island, the Japanese attacked from their hidden, underground fortifications in the southern half of Okinawa. The U.S. fleet was also bombarded by over 1,500 kamikaze pilots, who caused major damage as they flew their planes directly into U.S. ships. After three months of bloody fighting, the U.S. captured Okinawa. Okinawa was the last battle of World War II. D-Day and the German Retreat In Eastern Europe, it was the Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 to February 2, 1943) that changed the tide of war. After the German defeat at Stalingrad, the Germans were on the defensive, being pushed back toward Germany by the Soviet army. With the Germans being pushed back in the east, it was time for the British and U.S. forces to attack from the west. In a plan that took a year to organize, the Allied forces launched a surprise, amphibious landing on the beaches of Normandy in northern France on June 6, 1944. The first day of the battle, known as D-Day, was extremely important. If the Allies could not break through the German defenses on the beaches this first day, the Germans would have time to bring in reinforcements, making the invasion at utter failure.  Despite many things going awry and an especially bloody fight on the beach codenamed Omaha, the Allies did break through that first day. With the beaches secured, the Allies then brought in two Mulberries, artificial harbors, which allowed them to unload both supplies and additional soldiers for a major offensive on Germany from the west. As the Germans were on the retreat, a number of top German officials wanted to kill Hitler and end the war. Ultimately, the July Plot failed when the bomb that exploded on July 20, 1944 only injured Hitler. Those involved in the assassination attempt were rounded up and killed. Although many in Germany were ready to end World War II, Hitler was not ready to admit defeat. In one, last offensive, the Germans tried to break the Allied line. Using blitzkrieg tactics, the Germans pushed through the Ardennes Forest in Belgium on December 16, 1944. The Allied forces were totally taken by surprise and desperately tried to keep the Germans from breaking through. In so doing, the Allied line began to have a bulge in it, hence the name Battle of the Bulge. Despite this being the bloodiest battle ever fought by American troops, the Allies ultimately won. The Allies wanted to end the war as soon as possible and so they strategically bombed any remaining factories or oil depots left within Germany. However, in February 1944, the Allies began a massive and deadly bombing attack on the German city of Dresden, nearly demolishing the once-beautiful city. The civilian casualty rate was extremely high and many have questioned the reasoning for the firebombing since the city was not a strategic target. By the spring of 1945, the Germans had been pushed back into their own borders on both the east and west. The Germans, who had been fighting for six years, were low on fuel, had barely any food left, and were severely low on ammunition. They were also very low on trained soldiers. Those that were left to defend Germany were the young, old, and wounded. On April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had Berlin, Germany’s capital, completely surrounded. Finally realizing that the end was near, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. The fighting in Europe officially ended at 11:01 p.m. on May 8, 1945, a day known as V-E Day (Victory in Europe). Ending the War With Japan Despite the victory in Europe, World War II was still not over for the Japanese were still fighting. The death toll in the Pacific was high, especially since Japanese culture forbade surrender. Knowing that the Japanese planned to fight to the death, the United States was extremely concerned about how many U.S. soldiers would die if they invaded Japan. President Harry Truman, who had become president when Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 (less than a month before the end of WWII in Europe), had a fateful decision to make. Should the U.S. use its new, deadly weapon against Japan in the hopes that it would force Japan to surrender without an actual invasion? Truman decided to try to save U.S. lives. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and then three days later, dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki. The devastation was shocking. Japan surrendered on August 16, 1945, known as V-J Day (Victory over Japan). After the War World War II left the world a different place. It had taken an estimated 40 to 70 million lives and destroyed much of Europe. It brought about the splitting of Germany into East and West and created two major superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two superpowers, who had tenuously worked together to fight back Nazi Germany, became pitted against each other in what became known as the Cold War. Hoping to prevent a total war from ever happening again, representatives from 50 countries met together in San Francisco and founded the United Nations, officially created on October 24, 1945.

The Best Basketball Skills Training - 814 Words

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As a coach, he has developed top-tier point guards into All-Stars such as Baron Davis, Chris Paul and Kyrie Irving, leading the New Jersey Nets to back-to-back final appearances earning two Eastern Conference Championships. As a member of New Orleans Hornets he led the team to a franchise best record (56-26), while earning the prestigious Coach of the Year award. As Head Coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers, Coach Scott mentored Kyrie Irving into having his best year as a pro. As a consultant advisor to You Ball Training, his overall experience ensures that all players developed through our program willShow MoreRelatedNotes : Bird Vs. Magic862 Words   |  4 PagesBird vs. Magic One unknown to the game of basketball will assume Michael Jordan changed the game, or at least the one who made the game famous. However, before the ‘Gifted MJ’ there was one of the greatest rivalries in basketball, which raised television ratings, ergo, helped make the sport prominent. 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The Arms Trade Treaty Free Essays

string(238) " is to close loopholes in trade regulations and strengthen the effectiveness of legal frameworks to hinder the illicit arms market which provides weapons to end-users whom would normally be barred from acquiring them through legal means\." The Arms Trade Treaty Derek Matthews International Relations Abstract The Arms Trade Treaty is the result of an international consensus that there is a need for global arms regulation. This belief began to develop after the Cold War in response to consequences facing the international community from countries whom purchased arms unimpeded and used them towards aggressive and oppressive ends. The Arms Trade treaty has been applauded as an initial framework to begin practical implementation of effective arms regulations through the context of international consensus in a way that will reduce egregious human rights violations and increase weapons accountability as well as regional stability. We will write a custom essay sample on The Arms Trade Treaty or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are criticisms as to the future effectiveness of the treaty because the scope of the treaty covers arms sales, not other forms of arms transfer and because major arms exporters have abstained from participating in the treaty. These realities are staunch hurdles towards the future effectiveness of governing policies that may evolve from the treaty. Because the treaty has not reached the stage of ratification, an actual analysis of the impacts of this treaty have yet to be seen. Background The origins of the international arms regulation and thus, the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) can be traced back to the start of the Cold War. NATO had an interest in slowing the transfer of advanced military technologies to the Soviet Union. They created the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) to block arms, industrial technologies, and â€Å"atomic† technologies from being exported to the Soviet Union from countries in the Warsaw Pact. This was not a nonproliferation regime and its limited scope proved ill-equipped to handle the emerging problems of the Post-Cold War era. This was evident during the 1991 Persian Gulf War where the Iraqi military was able to build the world’s fourth-largest military with $40 billion in foreign weapons purchases. Lewis, 2005) After the war, western countries began working on international agreements aimed to stop destabilizing accumulations like the arms transfer component in the Middle East. (Collina, 2012) The idea for these international agreements was proposed by the United Kingdom which wanted a global regime aimed at â€Å"avoiding arms transfers that could destabilize a region, put human rights at risk, or provide inappropriately advanced technology. (Lewis, 2005) The language set forth in this goal would lead to a chain of international agreements and guidelines aimed at reducing illicit arms trade and defining the parameters of what illicit arms trade entailed; the United Nations (UN) Registry for Conventional Arms in 1991, the US begins work on the US Code of Conduct Bill in 1993, the Warsenaar Agreement in 1996, UN Guidelines for International Arms Transfers in 1996,Oscar Arias and a group of Nobel Laureates produce first draft of the International Code of Conduct on Arms Transfers in 1997, European Code of Conduct in 1998, US passes International Code of Conduct in 1999, UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects in 2001, Organization of American States (OAS) Model Regulations for the Control of the International Movement of Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition in 2003, Great Lakes and Horn of Africa region adopt the Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms and Light Weapons in 2004, UN begins work on a global arms trade treaty in 2006, the General Assembly of the UN votes overwhelmingly for approval of the global Arms Trade Treaty on April 2, 2013. Shah, 2008)(Charbanneau, 2013) For the two decades following the end of the Cold War, the world has been moving in the direction towards a global consensus on how we should provide accountability and responsibility to the selling of weapons culminating with an almost unanimous agreement laid out in the Arms Trade Treaty of 2013 which was passed through the General Assembly of the United Nations with a vote of 155 for, 3 against, and 22 abstained. (Charbanneau, 2013) Reason for the ATT The trade of goods internationally has long been subject to regulation. The import and export of cars and clothes has more restrictions on trade than Ak-47s and rocket launchers. So when the discussion surrounding arms trade regulation b egan, it was initially just a way for western nations to stem the unfettered growth of aggressive militaries which caused regional instability such as Iraq in the Persian Gulf War. However, once these discussions entered the international arena, it was easy to see the practicality in implementing arms regulation and to contextualize the benefit that regulation would have on preventing numerous other instances of international instability. (UN Conference, 2013) From the Contras in Nicaragua, to the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, to the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda, it is easy to see the potential social and human impact of effective restrictions on the sale of weapons. The reason behind arms trade regulations is to stop weapons from falling into the hands of criminals, gangs, warlords, and terrorists who would use them to oppress human rights and destabilize the region. There are economic impacts as well. The unrestricted sale of weapons results in damages through crime, gang violence, and piracy that vastly exceed the initial profits from selling them. UN peacekeeping missions alone cost the world over $7 billion a year and the global burden of armed violence stands at $400 billion. (UN Conference, 2013) ATT Policy Goals To address the lack of international oversight on arms trade, the UN formulated language designed to codify the growing international consensus of what responsible arms trade should look like. Through various concessions to accommodate differing opinions, they formulated a treaty with two rationales in mind. The first was to stop sales to state end-users that would use them to undermine global peace and security, violate international human rights laws, impair socio-economic development, or are at risk to re-export those weapons which then might come into the hands of organized criminals or terrorists. The second rationale is to close loopholes in trade regulations and strengthen the effectiveness of legal frameworks to hinder the illicit arms market which provides weapons to end-users whom would normally be barred from acquiring them through legal means. You read "The Arms Trade Treaty" in category "Papers" (Kimball, 2011) The idea behind this rationale is to end the prevalence of weapons smugglers like Viktor Bout, whose actions inspired the film â€Å"Lord of War†. These smugglers effectively exploit loopholes in national and international laws to provide illegal arms around the world. (Austin, 2012) The Arms Trade Treaty would also seek to strengthen transparency and reporting on arms trade transfers and the production of munitions which will provide more accountability for State’s actions. (Kimball, 2013) The treaty was created with the original UN Charter Chapter 7 Article 51 in mind which reads, â€Å"Nothing shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs†. The treaty was shaped to allow arms purchases justified through the realm of self-defense and to fight back against regimes that violate human rights. The vague nature of the language still leaves significant room for state differences on what acts will be deemed self-defense or political struggle. The language is also weak on providing a legal framework to deal with non-state actors and terrorism. The policies laid out by the Arms Trade Treaty are primarily aimed towards better control over the export sale of arms; however there is little language to account for the import of arms or for arms transfers which are labeled gifts, or trades. Impacts and Opinions There are 193 Member States of the UN General Assembly. The vast majority of them agree with the ATT, although most have varying reservations to the limitations of the treaty. The treaty is considered a floor of regulation from which to work with and not a ceiling. 155 States voted in favor of the treaty, the most impactful vote came from the US. The development of this treaty was coming to a close in 2008 after the US Senate voted their intention to deny ratification of a ATT treaty. The withdrawal of support from the top arms exporter in the world would have vastly diminished the prospects for any meaningful implementation without the support of the US. The US has come out in support of this treaty since 2009, and the renewed support by the US fundamentally changes the effectiveness that implementation of the treaty will have. The US did influenced language in the treaty to ensure that the regulations will not impede on State’s domestic gun rights and will not lower the bar of States that already practice a high level of arms control. Despite this accommodation made specifically for the US, the National Rifle Association (NRA), a powerful interest group within America, is against the ATT and threatens to stop ratification in the Senate on the grounds increased regulation will affect domestic gun ownership. (MacFarquhar, 2013) The UN Association (UNA) which lobbies on behalf of the UN in America, stands in strong support of the ATT and is working to combat poorly informed opinions on the nature and language contained within the ATT. (UNAUSA, 2013) Proponents on both sides of the Syrian conflict voted against or abstained from the ATT. Syria and Iran voted against the proposal while China and Russia abstained because of â€Å"the lack of an explicit prohibition on the supply of weapons to non-state actors that would, for example, restrain the ability of Syria’s armed opposition from building up its stockpile. † (Lynch, 2013) Many of the Persian gulf powers which support the Syrian opposition, such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Yemen abstained from the vote as well. The vague language in the ATT allows for political pressuring to frame either the Syrian opposition as terrorist groups or the Syrian regime as human rights oppressors and potentially justify a moratorium on arms exports to those organizations. This is one of the main criticisms of the ATT. India also abstained from voting for the treaty, stating that the language was â€Å"the draft treaty was â€Å"tilted† in favor of the world’s leading arms exporters. † Other abstentions came from the Latin American sect of countries that generally vote against all US led initiatives in the UN. These countries include Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua. However, the treaty was met with tremendous support in the rest of Latin America and Africa, countries that have seen a tremendous amount of instability at the hands of organizations who receive their arms through illicit arms trafficking such as the drug cartels and the Muslim resistance movements. These countries mainly asserted that in the long run, the treaty would curb the arms sales that have fueled many conflicts. MacFarquhar, 2013) The cumulative sum of opposition and abstention for various reasons creates a reality where some of the top arms exporters have chosen not to adhere to the new treaty. This creates concerns on the ultimate effectiveness of the treaty, because a large part of the export nations the treaty was designed to add transparency and regulation to are not participants. America and the Western nations make up a tremendous percentage of global arms sales the percentage fluctuates annually, but America generally represents around half of all arms sales and the UK, France, and other European countries account for between 10 and 15 percent of global sales. Shanker, 2012) So the impact of this treaty will be felt through close to three quarters of global sales, and the hope is that as international norms strengthen, the outlier nations will feel the pressure to conform to these new international standards as well. Success of the treaty Impact analysis over the next decade will truly define the success of this treaty. In fact, ratification will not even begin until June 3, 2013. Every state will define the standards to which they want the treaty to measure up to and view succ ess through that lens. Pertinent questions might arise over the next decade, about how the ATT shifted geopolitical power, how it will enforce arms transfers for conflicts where the consensus is split such as Syria, and whether it will have the teeth to prevent the widening of the black market which generally occurs when more stringent legal precedents are set. At the bare minimum, this treaty must succeed at stopping the supply of weapons to regions of conflict where there is an overwhelming international consensus about the extent of human rights violations being carried out under a particular regime. There will always be political conflict, but through the ATT the ultimate success will be when it succeeds in ensuring that conflict does not manifest into disproportionate violence and perhaps alter the path of least resistance to a point where it is more expedient to resolve conflict through nonviolent means. References Austin,  K. L. (2012, August 20). What Mauritius Can Teach Us About the Global Arms Trade – NYTimes. com. Retrieved  April  11, 2013, from http://atwar. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/08/20/what-mauritius-can-teach-us-about-the-global-arms-trade/? ref=viktorbout Charbonneau,  L. (2013, April 2). U. N. verwhelmingly approves global arms trade treaty| Reuters. Retrieved  April  11, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2013/04/02/us-arms-treaty-un-idUSBRE9310MN20130402 Collina,  T. (2012, October). The Wassenaar Arrangement at a Glance | Arms Control Association. Retrieved  April  11, 2013, from http://www. armscontrol. org/factsheets/wassenaar Kimball,  D. G. (2013, March 27). ‘Final’ Arms Trade Treaty A Good Step Forward | Arms Control Association. Retrieved  April  11, 2013, from http://www. armscontrol. org/pressroom/Final-Arms-Trade-Treaty-A-Good-Step-Forward Kimball,  D. G. (2011, October). The Arms Trade Treaty At a Glance | Arms Control Association. Retrieved  April  11, 2013, from How to cite The Arms Trade Treaty, Papers

Operating In The Great Barrier Reef Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operating In The Great Barrier Reef. Answer: The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is located in the north east region of Australia. It stretches over the Queensland Coastline from Cape Yorks northern tip to Bundaberg (Www.greatbarrierreef.org, 2017). After going through many levels of transformations the millions of dead corals have gone the turned into a wall of stone. Thousands of species inhabit around the wall. Almost 1400 species of corals, 1500 species of fish, 3000 species of mollusks, 14 species of sea snakes and 6 species of sea turtles live here (Www.gbrmpa.gov.au 2017). The rich diversity of sea life with variety of colors has made this places beauty so desirable. This 50000 year old barrier is the largest barrier reef in the world, consisting 900 islands covering over 348,000 square kilometers (Www.unesco.org, 2017). It is the only living thing visible from outer space and considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the World (Www.Sevennaturalwonders.org, 2017). The city of Cairns lives on the big barrier reefs tourism. Thousands of tourists every year just come to meet clownfish popularly known as Nemo. Once reached there, the tourists put on the shoe palms and the diving mask with the snorkel and jumps into the adventure of sea world. The diversity, density and beauty have made this place a must visit destination for the tourists. About 1500 vessels and 820 operators are operating there to manage the visitors activities in the marine park (Www.greatbarrierreef.org, 2017). The tourism business of the site represents the financial stake of the place. The tourism industry has been experiencing positive growth in the behavior of the tourists and authorities regarding the environmental responsibility. The Australian government also understands the ecological value and does not compromise with its environmental protection. For last 20 years it has been classified in the world heritage list (Www.unesco.org 2017). The constant attention by the tou rists, media and authorities has secured its financial growth. The economic sector of the tourism of The Great Barrier Reef covers the business and leisure tourism, commercial and recreational fishing and scientific activities. Tourism provides more than 90% of the direct economy of the region with 91% tourism accounting and 93% employment contributions (Www.environment.gov.au, 2013). In the year 2012 the Great Barrier Reef generated value added 5.6 billion and employment of 69000 dollars, totaling more than 7 billion (Www.environment.gov.au, 2013). However so many tourists constant presence in the natural site is affecting the reef negatively. The pollution, noise and disturbance cause harm for the animals as well. The authority charges 1.3 dollars a week as the cliff tax to the tourists who cross cliff (Michael 2017). This money mainly goes to the preservation of the reef. This world heritage site is visited by average of 1.6 million tourists every year. In the year of 2014, 2,244,217 international and 1,728,000 domestic tourists visited the l ocation increasing 6% from the last year (Www.ecotourism.org.au, 2014). The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Deloitte Access Economics research analyze and produce the economic reports of the places tourism. The National and International Visitors Surveys provide the necessary information on the cruise or ship related tourism to define the economic expenditure of the area by using the Tourism Satellite Account Method. GBRMPA and DAE not only studies the commercial sectors but also considers the non commercial values of that reefs tourism as it contributes significantly to the indirect benefit benefits for the locals and the visitors (Www.gbrmpa.gov.au 2017). This indirect business like the food, fuel and beverage contributed estimated 2.3 billion in 2012. 63,985 people were employed as Full Time Equivalents or FTE including 19,500 indirectly and 44,850 directly (Www.environment.gov.au 2013).The commercial fishing contributed 160 million and 975 employments and revenue of 106 million was generated from various organizations for research andman agement purposes (Www.environment.gov.au 2013). Theenvironmental management charge covers all the commercial activities, tourist or non tourist operations and has been collected from each tourists of the marine park. Every visitor has to pay 6 dollars for the full day and 3 dollars for the part day. It generated 6.4 billion and 8.5 billion respectively in the financial years of 2012 and 2014 (Www.deloitteaccesseconomics.com.au 2012). Tourism groups like AMPTO, TRAC, TTNQ, and GAPD mainly manage the tourism business in the area (Www.ecotourism.org.au 2017). The Great Barrier Reef is facing many challenges recently. Over fishing affects 67% of the reef. The corals are suffering from a disease called coral bleaching; where the corals are losing the nutrients and becoming pale white (Www.phys.org 2017). The tourists have been showing more responsibility and awareness on human impact of The Great Barrier Reef ecology. The authorities are organizing tourist interpretation programs on the Reef environmental issues and the evaluation process of the programs and the visitors active participation helping the situation to improve. References Centre, U. (2017).Great Barrier Reef. [online] Whc.unesco.org. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Ecotourism.org.au. (2017). Tourism and the Great Barrier Reef. [online] Available at: https://www.ecotourism.org.au/assets/Resources-Hub-Ecotourism-Research/Tourism-and-the-Great-Barrier-Reef.pdf [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2017).Animals - GBRMPA, The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Australian Government.. [online] Available at: https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/about-the-reef/animals [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Great Barrier Reef. (2017). About The Reef | What Is The Great Barrier Reef?. [online] Available at: https://www.greatbarrierreef.org/about-the-reef/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Michael, P. (2017).How much the Great Barrier Reef is worth. [online] Couriermail.com.au. Available at: https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/how-much-the-great-barrier-reef-is-worth/news-story/d267434f9d8cd17ff956cd21bfc3e9a3 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Phys.org. (2017).Saving Nemo: Bleaching threatens clownfish. [online] Available at: https://phys.org/news/2016-05-nemo-threatens-clownfish.html [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Sevennaturalwonders.org. (2017).Great Barrier Reef Seven Natural Wonders. [online] Available at: https://sevennaturalwonders.org/index_/seven-natural-wonders/great-barrier-reef/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017].

Chief Joseph Essay Example

Chief Joseph Essay The person that I did myfirst quarter project on was Chief Joseph. Chief Joseph was born in 1840 in the Wallowa Valley (the Wallowa Valley is now northeastern Oregon). He was born into the tribe of the Nez Perce. The name that the tribe gave him was Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, the translation is Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain. He was also known as Joseph the younger because, Joseph was the name his father had taken Joseph the Elder (Josephs father) was thefirst Nez Perce to convert to Christianity. He also tried hard to keep peace between the tribe and the whites. In 1855 Josephs father helped Washingtons territorial governor set up a reservation for the Nez Perce, which ran from Oregon into Idaho. Only eight years later there was a gold rush in the Nez Perce territory. The government took back a lot of their land and they were left with only one-tenth of the land they had received. Josephs father was angry and destroyed his American flag and Bible, he then refused to move his tri be form the Wallowa valley or sign the treaty that would make the new reservation boundaries official. Eight years later Josephs father died leaving Joseph in charge. Joseph was left with his fathers name and the same problem. Whites kept coming to Wallowa Valley. Joseph kept fighting for his land and it looked like he would be able to keep it when in 1873 a federal order was written to move all white setters out of Wallowa Valley. But soon after, in 1877 General Oliver Otis Howard threatened to attack Josephs tribe if they didnt leave for another reservation in Idaho. Joseph did not want to fight the army so he started to lead his people to Idaho. But before they left, twenty Nez Perce warriors killed several nearby white settlers because they were angry about loosing their land. After that the U.S army went looking for Josephs tribe and find the ones

Science and the use of non

Science and the use of non It is indeed true that the knowledge behind science can be used to answer several questions on non-renewable energy. For instance, should we use non-renewable energy resources? How can the non-renewable energy resources be used? This part of the essay will explore these questions using oil in the Middle East as an example.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Science and the use of non-renewable energy resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To begin with, physical science has a rich knowledge on non-renewable energy resources. A dominant example of non-renewable resource is oil. It cannot be renewed because once the oil fields have been depleted; it is not possible to carry out additional mining activities (Zycher, 2011). For example, even though the Middle East region is rich in oil as a natural resource, the wells will eventually dry up if mining activities continue over an extended length of time. It is scient ific knowledge that the use of fossil fuels such as oil leads to the pollution of the environment. When fossil fuels undergo the process of combustion, the hydrocarbons are transformed into carbon-dioxide and water molecules. There are some traces of fossil fuels that also emit poisonous gases when subjected to heat. For example, hydrogen sulfide is one such toxic gas. This implies that the use of oils or fossil fuels poses unique environmental challenges. Carbon dioxide is largely responsible for greenhouse effect when emitted into the environment. It is a major greenhouse gas that has been responsible for the warming effect in the atmosphere (Ryley Chapman, 2012). When carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere, it creates a warming effect leading to higher level of evaporation from the surface due to increased heat. When this type of emission covers a large area on the atmosphere, it interferes with the climate spectrum of the affected region. Worse still, carbon dioxide emis sion from the combustion of fossil fuels (oils) has led into destructive effects on the climatic pattern of the world. This explains why scientists have come up with the term ‘global warming’ to refer to the extreme changes in global temperatures.Advertising Looking for assessment on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has also led to significant variations or changes in climate. This is the reason why science can be used to explain the lethal effects of non-renewable energy resources such as oil. Although non-renewable energy has its own share of negative effects to the environment, it is vital to observe that this form of energy is still viable and reliable for use bearing in mind that it does not require complex installations before it can be harnessed. It can also be used to supply large amounts of energy within a relatively short time compared to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and hydro electric power. Hence, scientific knowledge can be used to determine the best type or form of energy to use when running various processes. For instance, driving heavy machines in factories requires a large amount of uninterrupted source of energy such as oil. On the same note, automobiles can best use non renewable energy from oil instead of electric, hydropower or energy from the wind. This is attributed to the fact fossil fuels are portable even in car engines (Dettinger, 2011). Finally, Science plays an important role in the process of decision making. It is possible to choose the right form of energy for use after acquiring adequate scientific knowledge. Moreover, science provides facts that can later be used to give vital recommendations. References Dettinger, M. (2011).Climate change, atmospheric rivers, and floods in California :A multi model analysis of storm frequency and magnitude changes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWR A) 47 (3), 514–523. Ryley, T., Chapman, L. (2012). Transport and climate change. Bingley, UK: Emerald.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Science and the use of non-renewable energy resources specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zycher, B. (2011). Renewable electricity generation: Economic analysis and outlook. Washington D.C: AEI Press.

World War 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War 2 - Research Paper Example Whereas this is wide topic, the author’s initial thoughts were based upon the developments and problems that were going on in Germany during this six years period of war. The researcher assesses the development of the two opposing military groups, that is, the Axis and the Alliance. In this paper, the writer also underscores the unity between these two opposing military camps along side their military science. Furthermore, the writer examines the economic status of Germany at the commencement of the war and how it declined as the war intensified, an idea that has parallel significance to United States economy before Invasion of Iraq and the way it has declined as the Iraq war progressed. The fact that Germany was the precursor of the war upon her invasion of Poland made the author to develop interest in this country and how Hitler dealt with the scientific military developments and problems associated with this war in Germany.... nd joined the military alliance.4 With these two military opposing camps, coupled with the arms race, the entire world was littered with bayonets with a catastrophic death toll of the known-unknown over 50 million people. The last nail in the coffin of this war was the defeat and surrender of the Axis especially the Germany and Japan in 1945 by the Allies. The researcher was interested in this area because Germany was a major power in the Axis and sparked off the military campaign during World War II.5 The advancement of military technology was another development in Germany ignited by the arms race. This development facilitated military logistics and transportations. Under the Chancellorship of Adolf Hitler, Germany Manufactured weapons such as â€Å"military tanks, air craft, assault rifle, Gewehr 43 rifle, Sturmgewehr 44 rifle, MP40 rifle, submachine guns, military tanks like Tiger II† which were major modern means of weaponry . Among the numerous aircraft developed include d the â€Å"Junkers Ju 87 planes used for psychological war fare† and the â€Å"Messerschmitt Me 262† jets. They also manufactured missiles like â€Å"cruise missiles (V-1), rocket- ballistic missiles (V-2)†, war ships, trucks and so many other military vehicles. During this period, Germany had the best â€Å"world rocket scientists† such as von Braun.6 This triggered off an arms race between the Axis and the Alliance. At the onset of the war, these military weapons were more powerful than those of the alliance. As this technological armament continued unabated, the global war drums were consequently inevitable. The purpose of this authorization by Hitler to manufacture weapons was to produce an equal measure weapon that Germany and her allies would use against the military alliance. Due to the early

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value Essay - 12

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value added contribute towards understanding the connections between the business and its product markets - Essay Example The discussion will investigate different methods of calculating added market value, and determine how added market value contributes to an understanding towards the connection between the business and its products market. Within the overall framework of added market value, economist assert that value added calculation is crucial for classical business accounts. Economists interpret added market value as consisting of the ability to determine the business earnings while the turnover is not precise because the business expenses are not considered. In this perspective, value added is the subtraction of output (expenses) compared to the inputs. Therefore, outputs that are not produced by the business are not considered. Some economists calculate value added in both addictive and subtractive methods, (Berger, 1999, p.34). For instance, subtractive value added is estimated by subtracting material and services costs and from the revenue of sales. The added market value or benefits indicate revenue generation. Similarly, it can be evaluated by deducting the investment capital of the business from the business value. These represent the profit of the firm, or the total cash the organization has produced using the utilized cash. Addictive method determines value added by summing up price of labor (such as social charges) benefits from the operation and devaluation. This allows the firm to investigate the means of distributing the generated revenues. Addictive method also sums up the adjusted recorded value of equity and debts investments of the business, (Grant, 2003, p.28). These indicate the used money of the enterprise or the total cash utilized in the business. The increased method multiplies the amount of the marketplace share of stock by the accessible share numbers for public businesses. This establishes the firm’s market value, or the total amount of cash the firm can produce. If the enterprise is unknown, investigate

The Challenges Faced In International Trade Theory Commerce Essay

The Challenges Faced In International Trade Theory Commerce Essay International trade theory explains the pattern of international trade and the distribution of the gains from trade. Strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry is called competitive advantage. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment. In this report, Logitech as a case study of international trade and competitive advantage fully discussed in form of answering study questions. Background Logitech is a world leader in personal peripherals, driving innovation in PC navigation, Internet communications, digital music, home-entertainment control, gaming and wireless devices. Key product lines mice, trackballs, and keyboards webcams, speakers, headsets, and headphones interactive gaming devices network music systems video-security solutions advanced universal remote controls History 1981 established in Switzerland, opens Palo Alto office the following year 1982 introduces its first computer mouse, the P4 1984 secures first major OEM contract with HP 1985 introduces the C7, which sells for under $100 and does not require a separate power supply 1986 opens manufacturing center in Hsinchu, Taiwan, still a key center for worldwide operations and engineering 1987 reaches an OEM agreement to manufacture mice for Macintosh computers sold in Europe 1988 opens OEM sales, manufacturing and distribution hub in Cork, Ireland 1989 wins OEM contract for IBM; introduces the Series 9 mouse, the first mouse designed to fit the natural curve of the human hand 1991-92 introduces first cordless mouse, first digital still camera, and first mic/speaker combo 1994 opens first fully-owned manufacturing facility in Suzhou, China, which now employs 4,000 people 1995 introduces trackball technology; unveils first web camera and gaming joystick 1997 listed on Nasdaq; unveils first USB mouse 2000 introduces the first mouse with optical sensor to track movement 2001 acquires Labtec, expanding its audio business; unveils first cordless optical mouse 2003 surpasses $1 billion in annual revenue; ships its 500 millionth mouse 2005 opens new facility in Suzhou, China 2006 130 new products introduced; 143 million products shipped worldwide Logitech Today Global operations California marketing, finance, and logistics (some RD) Switzerland research and development (programming) Ireland design, mechanical engineering, sales support Netherlands European distribution Taiwan worldwide operations Suzhou, China manufacturing Performance more than 9000 employees distribution in more than 100 countries projected sales, $2.4 billion (11% OEM; 89% retail) Literature review International Trade Theory Brown (2005) defines comparative advantage means the comparison of relative price differences between nations to explain the pattern of trade. For example, compare the relative price of wheat in terms of cheese at home to the same relative price in the foreign economy in a hypothetical equilibrium with no trade (autarky) or with restricted trade. The country with the lower relative price of wheat is said to have a comparative advantage in wheat while the other country has, symmetrically, a comparative advantage in cheese. Buy low, sell high logic predicts that a country will export the good in which it has a comparative advantage. Theory of Comparative Advantage Free trade between international countries concept was structured and built by David Ricardo an economist. He stated that countries goes for trading with other countries would highly benefit from this trade as specialization as there in these countries. In free trade there are no any tariffs or taxes on incoming or outgoing goods and services. Typically, countries tax incoming goods in an attempt to keep domestic producers competitive. According this theory all trading partners even less efficient producers will benefit from specialization and free trade. Porters Diamond and Competitive Advantage Due to globalization, most of organizations strategies were changed towards being international wise. Even if an organization does not plan to import or to export directly, management has to look at an international business environment, in which actions of competitors, buyers, sellers, new entrants of providers of substitutes may influence the domestic market. Information technology is reinforcing this trend. Michael Porter introduced a model that allows analyzing why some nations are more competitive than others are, and why some industries within nations are more competitivethan others are, in his book The Figure.1: Porters Diamond model Competitive Advantage of Nations. This model of determining factors of national advantage has become known as Porters Diamond. It suggests that the national home base of an organization plays an important role in shaping the extent to which it is likely to achieve advantage on a global scale. This home base provides basic factors, which support or hinder organizations from building advantages in global competition. Porter distinguishes four determinants: Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Related and supporting industries Factor conditions Demand conditions Factor Conditions The situation in a country regarding production factors, like skilled labor, infrastructure, etc., which are relevant for competition in particular industries. These factors can be grouped into human resources (qualification level, cost of labor, commitment etc.), material resources (natural resources, vegetation, space etc.), knowledge resources, capital resources, and infrastructure. They also include factors like quality of research on universities, deregulation of labor markets, or liquidity of national stock markets. These national factors often provide initial advantages, which are subsequently built upon. Each country has its own particular set of factor conditions; hence, in each country will develop those industries for which the particular set of factor conditions is optimal. This explains the existence of so-called low cost-countries (low costs of labor), agricultural countries (large countries with fertile soil), or the start-up culture in the United States (well developed venture capital market). Porter points out that these factors are not necessarily nature-made or inherited. They may develop and change. Political initiatives, technological progress or socio-cultural changes, for instance, may shape national factor conditions. A good example is the discussion on the ethics of genetic engineering and cloning that will influence knowledge capital in this field in North America and Europe. Home Demand Conditions Describes the state of home demand for products and services produced in a country. Home demand conditions influence the shaping of particular factor conditions. They have impact on the pace and direction of innovation and product development. According to Porter, home demand is determined by three major characteristics: their mixture (the mix of customers needs and wants), their scope and growth rate, and the mechanisms that transmit domestic preferences to foreign markets. Porter states that a country can achieve national advantages in an industry or market segment, if home demand provides clearer and earlier signals of demand trends to domestic suppliers than to foreign competitors. Normally, home markets have a much higher influence on an organizations ability to recognize customers needs than foreign markets do. Related and Supporting Industries The existence or non-existence of internationally competitive supplying industries and supporting industries. One internationally successful industry may lead to advantages in other related or supporting industries. Competitive supplying industries will reinforce innovation and internationalization in industries at later stages in the value system. Besides suppliers, related industries are of importance. These are industries that can use and coordinate particular activities in the value chain together, or that are concerned with complementary products (e.g. hardware and software). A typical example is the shoe and leather industry in Italy. Italy is not only successful with shoes and leather, but with related products and services such as leather working machinery, design, etc. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry The conditions in a country that determine how companies are established are organized and are managed, and that determine the characteristics of domestic competition. Here, cultural aspects play an important role. In different nations, factors like management structures, working morale, or interactions between companies are shaped differently. This will provide advantages and disadvantages for particular industries. Typical corporate objectives in relation to patterns of commitment among workforce are of special importance. They are heavily influenced by structures of ownership and control. Family-business based industries that are dominated by owner-managers will behave differently than publicly quoted companies. Porter argues that domestic rivalry and the search for competitive advantage within a nation can help provide organizations with bases for achieving such advantage on a more global scale. Porters Diamond has been used in various ways. Organizations may use the model to identify the extent to which they can build on home-based advantages to create competitive advantage in relation to others on a global front. On national level, governments can (and should) consider the policies that they should follow to establish national advantages, which enable industries in their country to develop a strong competitive position globally. According to Porter, governments can foster such advantages by ensuring high expectations of product performance, safety or environmental standards, or encouraging vertical co-operation between suppliers and buyers on a domestic level etc. Questions Question 1 In a world without trade, what would happen to the costs that American consumers would have to pay for Logitechs products? Question 2 Explain how trade lowers the costs of making computer peripherals such as mice and keyboards. Question 3 Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain the way in which Logitech has configured its global operations. Why does the company manufacture in China and Taiwan, undertake basic RD in California and Switzerland, design products in Ireland, and coordinate marketing and operations from California? Question 4 Who creates more value for Logitech, the 650 people it employs in Fremont and Switzerland, or the 4,000 employees at its Chinese factory? What are the implications of this observation for the argument that free trade is beneficial? Question 5 Why do you think the company decided to shift its corporate headquarters from Switzerland to Fremont? Question 6 To what extent can Porters diamond help explain the choice of Taiwan as a major manufacturing site for Logitech? Question 7 Why do you think China is now a favored location for so much high technology manufacturing activity? How will Chinas increasing involvement in global trade help that country? How will it help the worlds developed economies? What potential problems are associated with moving work to China? Answers Answer 1: The costs American consumers would have to pay for Logitech products would increase significantly in a world without trade. Â   This is due to the face that production, assembly, resources, and sale of their products would all have to be conducted in the US. Â   Logitech would no longer be able to rely on China for cheap labor and assembly, or Taiwan for efficient and cheap manufacturing. Â   Therefore these increased expenses would require a rise in retail price for the consumer. Answer 2: Trade helps in reduction of product prices due the following: Components are procured from any part of the world where they can be produced or manufactured at the best cost. (Motorola plant in Malaysia makes the mouses chip; Agilent Technologies supplies optical sensor). The actual assembling/manufacturing is done at the place where is cab done most cost effectively. (Assembling is done in Taiwan and China) The product reach the customers the most efficient way are taking the services of the most efficient logistics company. (Marketing from Fremont) Answer 3 Comparative advantage, as proposed by Ricard, says that it is beneficial for nations to involve in trade even when there is absolute advantage for them to produce all the goods. So nations will invest a major portion of their resources to produce what they can produce with advantage. This theory is being applied to the case as follow: China: It is cost effective to manufacture in China. China has a large population of semi-literate people who lives in semi-urban areas. It is important for the Chinese government to provide avenues for its people to earn their livelihood. Mass manufacturing is a good way of employing many people. Since there is abundance of semi-literature human resources in China it can manufacture products which need semi-skilled labor most efficiently. Thus Logitech uses China to manufacture mice. Taiwan: Taiwan has invested in creating industrial parks. It is giving land in these parks at very nominal rates. It had developed a strong supply base for computer parts, it has well qualified people. Its local computer industry is also expanding. Taiwan has done all these with an objective of being a major player in the electronics components manufacturing. Logitech is taking advantage of the facilities developed. California: California is located strategically due the Silicon Valley. Having an office in California provides an opportunity for any company to interact with the other companies. It also gives insights into the emerging technologies. These advantages make Logitech choose California as a center for RD. Since California also houses many large corporation, it makes perfect business sense for Logitech to have their marketing operations here. Switzerland: It is known for precision industry. The right talent is available here for developing the software for mice. Hence, Logitech is developing primary software in Switzerland. Ireland: The design firm in Ireland is used by Logitech for ergonomics design. The Ergonomics Society of Ireland is very active in promoting the discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds. Answer 4 Logitech make $8 for every mouse being sold. Let us assume that $3 of this is spent on RD and software programming. The earning per employee writing the software are code is (3*100)/650 = 0.47 cent. The value added per employee in China is (3*100)/4000 = 0.075 cents. Hence, the value added by RD people is greater. Free trade is beneficial because, it is the free trade which is allowing Logitech to take advantage of the low cost manpower available in China. If free trade were not available, Logitech would be forced to manufacture its mice in US at much higher cost. Answer 5 It helps Logitech to stay close to its customers. It can respond to the demands of the customers more promptly. Fremont is also the place where a lot of technological innovations are happening. Logitech being in the high-tech industry, continuous innovation is a key success factor for its business. Fremont is also an important in terms of managerial talent. All these reasons make it convenient for Logitech to move to Fremont. Answer 6 Porters diamond considers four important attributes which will create an environment helps the domestic industry. The four attributes can be applied to Taiwan becoming a manufacturing hub for electronics goods as shown below: Pool of resources: Taiwan has well qualified people for manufacturing electronic goods. It has good infrastructure and transportation facility. Demand conditions: There is demand throughout the world for electronic products produced in Taiwan. All major global companies source their electronic components from Taiwan. Relating and supporting industries: Taiwan has a well-developed supply base for parts and rapidly expanding local computer industry. Firm Strategy, structure and rivalry: there is competition and rivalry among local companies which help in better efficiency. In addition, government role: The government has created Science-based industrial parks through which they encourage companies to invest in Taiwan. Land is given at very subsidize rates in these parks. Answer 7 All the factors, in Porters diamond are at play in China very efficiently. It has huge human resources, land, water and other natural resources. It has good infrastructure for transportation, ports, and communication. It has created special zones for promoting exports, thus ensuring a good demand for the goods they manufacture. The rivalry among the domestic firms is also very strong. Government supports export oriented firms through funds. The cost of labor is very low. Technical human skills are available. These factors make China a favored location for high-technology manufacturing. Chinas increase in global trade will ensure that investment flows into China for manufacturing. Its balance of payment position will become very strong. It can use the trade a lever for political mileage. As more investment happens it will help China to reap the advantages of economics of scale. It can provide better living conditions for its citizen. It will also generate funds for planned investment. The worlds developed economics will be able to take advantage of the low cost manufacturing available in China. The global companies can improve the efficiency of their supply chain be manufacturing in China. The following are the potential problems associated with moving to work in China: The political changes, when they happen, can lead to disruption of work. Decision making at the government level is opaque, which can cause problems if unfavorable decisions are taken. When there is trouble in the political relationship between the home country and China; the companies may lose an opportunity to develop an alternate to China as a manufacturing hub. Conclusion It is obviously clear to any one that Logitech has strongly satisfied Porters diamond attributes by ensuring resources (China and Taiwan), go with Demand (Taiwan), Firm Strategy, structure and rivalry (California, Swaziland and Fremont) and keep involve in what is up-to-date (Taiwan, Switzerland, California and Fremont). By achieving this, Logitech is considered one of aggressive competitors all over the world with high competitive advantage using innovation as a key tool.

Factors That Influence Infant Development

From the moment of conception, there are so many factors and hazards expecting parents must consider ensuring a safe pregnancy and healthy baby. All of which are very important to growth and development. In this essay, I will focus in on the key points an expecting mother should pay close attention to during pregnancy, labor, and the birth of her baby. Caring for yourself and the life growing inside of an expecting mother is a wonderful experience and sometimes a challenge. From the moment a couple decides to have a baby is when they should begin thinking about their future offspring. Taking care of yourself first is key to having an optimally healthy body to house a developing baby. Eating healthy, exercising and refraining from drugs, smoking and alcohol is of the utmost importance. Some mothers who are trying to conceive also take the extra measure of taking prenatal vitamins. It is also a good idea for a couple to visit their doctor to make sure they are in good health and given the â€Å"green light† to begin to work toward conceiving. Making sure you are in good physical health prior to conception is important to lessen the chances of complications during pregnancy. Once the joyous day arrives and you learn that you are expecting, it is very important to see your doctor and have him verify the news. Then begins the task of finding an OBGYN to care for you and your baby throughout the pregnancy and deliver the child when the time comes. Regular, consistent prenatal care is by far the most important factor in insuring the healthiest, safest pregnancy and delivery one can have. Your doctor will see you every month in the beginning of the pregnancy and track your baby’s growth as well as your weight and overall health. During these visits it is important to talk openly with your doctor about any questions or concerns you are having. Your doctor will prescribe prenatal vitamins and run regular tests throughout the pregnancy. When the due date gets closer a mother visits her OBGYN more frequently to track her progress and prepare her for the impending birth. Preventative care while pregnant is important to the growing fetus as well as the expecting mother to monitor progress and deal with any complications that may arise, such as gestational diabetes. What I feel is the most obvious hazard and precaution an expecting mother must consider is refraining from unhealthy activities, such as consuming alcohol, smoking or drug use. These toxins often have major and detrimental effects on a developing baby. There are many birth defects and disorders directly connected to expectant mothers unhealthy lifestyles during pregnancy, for example â€Å"fetal alcohol syndrome, which can cause deformities, mental retardation, learning disorders, vision difficulties and behavioral problems and are irreversible. †(www. mayoclinic. com) Drugs, smoking and alcohol all affect a baby that is in a critical time period of development and growth. An expecting mother must put the needs of her unborn child first. In this essay I have covered just a few important factors in the health and safety of a growing baby; but there are many, many more to consider. A couple planning to conceive must be aware of the hazards to their developing child and the precautions that must be heeded. Creating a new life is a wonderful, life changing experience. Every expecting parent should always do what is best for their child, from conception through the crucial first years of development on into adulthood.

Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

Definition: Integrated Marketing Communication Definition: IMC is a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communications disciplines – for example, general advertising, direct response, sales promotion, and public relations – and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact by The American Association of Advertising Agencies (the 4A’s) The Emergence of IMC The Market revolution forcing a movement towards IMC: †¢ †¢ A shift of marketing dollars from media advertising to other forms of promotion, particularly consumer and trade oriented sales promotions A movement away from relying on advertising-focused approaches, which emphasize mass media such as television and national magazines, to solve communication problems A shift in marketplace power from the manufacturer to the retailer The rapid growth and development of database marketing Demands for greater accountability from advertising agencies and changes in the way agencies are compensated The rapid growth of the Internet, which is changing the very nature of how companies do business and the ways they communicate and interact with consumers †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The Role of Marketing Communication Marketing communication performs several functions for consumers: †¢ Consumers are told how the product is used, by what kind of person, and where and when †¢ Consumers learn about who makes the product and what the company and the brand stand for †¢ It allows companies to link their brands to other people, places, events, brands, experiences, feelings, and things †¢ It also contributed to brand equity by establishing the brand in memory and crafting a brand image Marketing communication contributes specifically to brand equity in the following ways: †¢ By creating awareness of the brand †¢ Linking the right associations to the brand image in the consumer’s memory †¢ Eliciting positive brand judgments or feelings †¢ Facilitating a stronger consumer-brand connection Marketing Communication Forms Marketing communication consists of 6 major modes of communication: Advertising: Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor Sales Promotion: A variety of short-term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or a service Events and Experiences: Company sponsored activities and programs designed to create daily or special brandrelated interactions Public relations and publicity A variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company’s image or its individual products Direct marketing: Use of mail, telephone, fax, e-mail, or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers or prospects Personal selling: Face-to-face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions, and procuring orders Advertising Sales Promotion Events

The Classical Music And Jazz - 1544 Words

Yusuke Sato Professor Dana ILAC Pathway 3 25 September 2015 Classical music and Jazz What people come up with when they hear the words â€Å"classical music† is a big concert hall, while what people come up with is a small bar or something when they hear â€Å"jazz†. It seems they are different as they are named differently, but are they really different? Also, given that the mainstream in the music industry is popular music, both classical music and jazz are not appreciated by many people, but how have these two music survived up until today? Firstly, it is necessary to look back into their histories in order to understand how they have developed. Classical music dates back more than one thousand years ago, which is called Medieval era and was succeeded by Renaissance era. And then when it entered Baroque era, where the father of music Johann Sebastian Bach thrived, there were the forms of classical music that are similar to something which is often heard today. 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